accepted name
(2005)
1859
Regel (1861):
Eduard August von Regel
Aufzählung der von Radde in Baikalien, Dahurien und am Amur gesammelten Pflanzen
Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes de Moscou, 31 (2) 3eme partie : Paeonia pp. 124-125 (1861)
139. Paeonia obovata Maxim.
Maxim, prim. pag. 29. Rgl. uss. pag. 13.n. 41
Auf Wiesen im Bureja Gebirge
Der Paeonia Wittmanniana Stev. allerdings sehr naheverwandt und genau genommen ausser der Farbe der
Blumen, die bei P. Wittmanniana gelb, bei P. obovata roth ist, durch keinen scharfen Charakter geschieden.
Trotz dem glauben auch wir, dass P. obovata eine gute Art ist, die sich ausserdem durch unterhalb stark blaugrün bereifte und längs der Nerven nur lax behaarte Blätter unterscheidet. Die Form der Theilblätter geht bei den uns vorliegenden Exemplaren von der verkehrt breit ovalen bis zur lanzettlich verkehrt - ovalen Form allmälig über. Es liegt demgemäss in der Form der Theilblälter kein weiteres Unterscheidungsmerkmal.
Von P. albiflora, der die schmalblättrigen Formen nahe kommen, unterscheidet sich P. obovata noch durch die ziemlich regelmässig doppelt 3-theiligen Blätter, deren Theilblättchen alle, oder wenigstens das mittlere deutlich gestielt. Die Behaarung auf der untern Blattseite giebt keinen Unterschied ab, da es auch eine behaarte Form der P. albiflora giebt.
Maximowicz (1889):
Carl Johann Maximowicz
Bulletin de L’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg
Tome trente-un 1887
PAEONIA p. 13
Paeonia obovata Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur.29 . Rgl. Fl. Ussnr. n. 41. F. Schmidt, Fl. Sachal. n. 29. P. albiflora Miq.Prol. 197 et Fr. Savat.Enum. I.,14 p.p. Ito Keiske, Nipon San buts shi. Masashi, II, 3. (fig. bona).
In Mandshuria orientali sylvatica ab Amur boreali usqae ad Usuri superiorem et ejus affluentes, nec non circa Wladiwostok, sylvis frondosis atque mixtis humosis, ubiqae parce, fine Maji flor., Septembri fructif.;
China boreali, ditione fl. Pekinensis (Tatarinow, Bretschneider),
Japonia (herb. Lugd. Bat. s. n. jap. anishiariari P. albiflorae admixta): montibus Hakone, init. Novbris. frf. (ipse, flor., Tschonoski, Savatier n. 31. fl. 5. n. P. albifl. fl. roseo), princip. Nambu (Tschonoski, flor.); in graminosis circa Hakodate rarius. med. Novbri frf., Kumagatake silva frondosa, medio Julio fr. immat. (ipse).
A P. albiflora, quacum commutatur, differt foliorum teneriorum laciniis latioribus obtusis, flore duplo minore subclauso et seminibus baccatis. Sepala alba v. pallide rosea, filamenta rosea basi stigmataque purpurea. Flos inodoros. Capsula matura intus rugosa lilacinorosea. Semina perfecta azureonigra baccata, carne tenui aqaosa, sacco atramentario, testa laevi atra, numerosa abortiva inaeuimagna angulata coccinea.
Huth (1891):
I. Petala sepalis multo longiora ................................................................................ Sect. I. Palaearcticae.
1. Caulis herbaoeus, discus ploruroque parum vel vix expansus carpella basi tantum involvons. ......... § 1. Herbaceae.
A. Foliolula omnia intogra, interdum basi confluontia. ,
a. Foliolula margine minutissime et sub lente tantum , conspioue dentato-scabra.
b.foliolula margine interregima vel subundulata
á. Flores flavi, folia obovata
â Flores purpurei, rosei vel ochroleuci
I. Carpella etiam juniora glabra.
3. P. obovata Maxim. prim. fl. amur. (1857), rhizomatis tuberibus cylindricis elongatis, f. inf. biternatis, fff. membranaceis late-ovatis vel obovatis, etiam vetustioribus subtus pubescentibus, fff. medio plerumque longe petiolulato, fl. purpureis, carpellis tribus recur-vato-dependentibus apice revolutis.Floret Junio.
Synonyma: P. oreogeton S. Moore
Area geogr. Sibiria orient. et insulae japonicae: Ad Amur inferiorem (Maximovicz 1855/6 HGB!); ad fl. Sungatschi (Maak HGB!); in pratis Montium Bureja (Radde) ; Insula Sachalin in parte australi pr. Kussunai (Fr. Schmidt HGB!); insula Nippon, prov. Senano (Tschonoski 1864, HAE!).
Stern (1946):
21. P.obovata Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. (in Mem. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. 9) 29 . 1859). Regel, Reisen Süden Ost-Sibir. Radde 124 (1861), et Fl. Ussur. 13 (1862) ; Fr. Schmidt, Reisen Amw-Lande und Ins. Sachalln (in Mem. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb., Ser 7, 12), 109 (1868); Baker in Gard. Chron., N. Ser. 21, 779 (1884) ; Forbes & Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 23, 22 (1886) ; Huth in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 14, 266 (1891); Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sc. St. Pitersb. 31, 13 (1887), et Mil. Biol. 12, 416 (1893) ; Korshinsky in Acta Horti PetroP.12, 302 (1892) ; Huth in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5, 1095 (1897) ; Boissier, ibid. 7, 6oi (1899) ; Res. Hart. 1899, P.565, fig. 238 ; Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Zeit. 1901, P.382 ; Komarov, Fl. Mansh. 2, 226 (1903) ; Vilmorin, Hort. Vilm. (in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 51, App.) 82, fig. 23 (1906) ; Somoku Dzusetsu, Ed. Makino, 10, t. 22 (1910); Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 57, 290, fig. 94 (1915) ; Terasaki, Nippon Shokubutsu Zufu {JaP.Bot. III. Album), t. 288 (1933) ; Komarov, Fl. U.R.S.S. 7, 27 (1937); F. C. Stem in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. 68, 128 (1943).Syn. P.obovata var. alba Saunders in Nat. Hort. Mag. 13, tab., P.227 (1934). P.obovata var. amurensis Schipczinsky in Not. Syst. Herb. Hort. Bot. PetroP.2, 44 (1921). P.obovata var. australis Schipczinsky, I.e.P.obovata var. typica Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 12, 302 (1898), et in Journ. JaP.Bot. 5, 9, P.33 (1928) ; Makino & Nemoto, Nlppon-Shokubutsu-S6ran {Fl. Japan), Ed. 2, P.332 (1931) P.oreogeton SP.Moore in Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 17, 376 (1879) ; Komarov, Fl. U.R.S.S. 7, 26 (1937).? P.vernalis Mandl in Bot. Köz.1. 19, 90 (1921), et in Oesterr. Bot. Zeit. 71, 177, fig. 2 (1922) ; Komarov, Fl. U.R.S.S. 7. 27 (1937).P.Wittmanniana Lindl. sec. Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 51, 525 (1904), et Contrib. Fl. Asie Or. 1, 222 (1905), non Lindl.
Description. Stem 40-60 cm. high, glabrous. Lower leaves bitemate; leaflets unequal, terminal usually obovate, laterals broadly oval or oblong, all shortly acuminate at the apex, cuneate or widely cuneate at the base, mostly 5-12 cm. long, 3-5-7 cm. wide, in fruit up to 14-5 cm. long and 8-5 cm. wide, thinly papery, dark green and glabrous above, glaucous and sparsely villose below. Flowers white to rose-purple, 7 cm. across. Stamens i -7 cm. long, filaments white or rose, anthers yellow. Carpels 2-3, glabrous, 2 cm. long, attenuated, stigma conspicuous, 5 mm. across. Follicles 3-3'5 cm. long.
Distribution. siberia : Amur, Maximowicz (K). manchuria : Upper Ussuri, Maximowicz Iter sec. anno 1860 (K) ; prov. Austro-Ussuriensis, Komarov 654 (K) ; River Sungatschi, Maak (K) ; between Mukden and Tung-che-shien, James (K) ; between Tung-che-shien and Maor Shan, Yaloo River, James (K) ; prov. Kirinensis, Komarov 614 (K) ; Sheng-king, Kwandien, Ross 07 (K). sachaline : near Kussunai, Fr. Schmidt (K). china : Chihii, frontier of Shansi, Chanet 7549 (K) ; Shansi, Tao-t'eou, Licent 2210 (K) (P) ; Ta-pai-shan, Licent 2817 (P) ; Szechwan, Tchen-keou-tin, Farges (K). japan : Central mountains 610-2120 metres, Maries (K) ; sine loc. Maries (K) ; mountains ofAomori, Faurie 413 (K).
Maximowicz first described Paeonia obovata in 1859 from plants collected in the Amur district, north of Vladivostock. The name refers to the obovate shape of the acuminate terminal leaflet. This species is spread over a wide area in north-eastern Asia from eastern Siberia through Manchuria to China and Korea ; several forms exist in this wide distribution, differing slightly from each other in the hairiness of the leaflets. Schipczinsky (1921) described variations which mainly differ in the flowers opening widely or not. P.obovata is a tetraploid. The long attenuated carpels are characteristic of this and the other species in this group.
S. Moore described as a new species P.oreogeton, a plant that he thought had yellow flowers ; in his description the flower is described as " lutea ? " The specimen Moore described is in the[end page 74] Kew Herbarium and is undoubtedly a typical white flowered specimen of P.obovata. In the American Paeony Society's Bulletin of December, 1939, there is an interesting article by A. S. Loukashkin of the Manchuria Research Institute, who describes finding a paeony on May 25, 1939, in the region of the station of Ertaohotze, 80 kilometres east of Harbin in the Tachinshan Mountains, N. Manchuria, and reproduces a photograph of a cream-coloured paeony which he names P.oreogeton. There may, therefore, be a cream-coloured form of P.obovata, but the dried specimens from Manchuria appear to be typical P.obovata.
P.vernalis Mandl, 1919, was described by Mandl from a specimen collected in the districts near Vladivostock and preserved in the herbarium at the Botanical Institution of the University of Vienna. From photographs of this specimen it appears to agree exactly with P.obovata Maxim.
P.vernalis was described as having glabrous leaves, a character in which it agrees with P.japonica, but the petals are described as " spreading radiating," in which respect it resembles P.obovata and is unlike P.japonica. Further, it is said to come from Siberia, which is the location of P.obovata. Mandl does not in his description refer to the leaves being glabrous but says " Near P.obovata Maxim, from which it differs by its short peduncle 7 cm. long (not 7-16 cm. long), which is always shorter than the upper leaves, by its bigger flower, by the petals spreading—radiating not connivent, white not rose, by the colour of the filaments (described as dark blue at base, white upwards) and by flowering 20-30 days later than P.obovata." These characters do not appear to be very important. It is therefore surprising that Mandl did not refer to the glabrous leaves in which it differs from P.obovata. There may, of course, be a variety of P.obovata with glabrous leaves, as Handel-Mazzetti refers to such a plant from Manchuria and Yunnan.
The leaves of P.obovata, as seen in the dried herbarium specimens, differ considerably in size. This is largely due to the curious feature shown by this species and by its variety Willmottiae that the leaves increase in size between the time the plant is in flower and the time when the fruit is ripe. This unusual character can be plainly seen if the dried fruiting specimens in the herbarium are compared with those that are only in flower. Collectors report that there are both pink and white flowered forms, but only the white form is in cultivation. It is a very beautiful garden plant but not easy to grow. It appears to grow best in good soil facing west, where it does not get the early morning sun. [end page 75]
Fang (1959)
8. Paeonia obovata Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. Sci. St..Pctersb. IX. 29 (1859) (Prim. Fl. Amur.)..Fr. Schmidt in Mem. Acad. Sci. St.-Petersb. Ser. 7, XII. 109 (1868)..Baker in Gard. Chron., N. Ser. XXI. 779 (1884)..Forbes et Hemsley in Journ. Linn. Soc., London, Bot. Ser. XXIII. 22 (1886) (Ind. Fl. Sin. I. 22)..Huth in Engler, Bot. Jahrb., XIV. 266 (1891)..Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St.-Petersb. XXXI. 13 (1887); in Mel. Bid., XII. 416 (1893). .Korshinsky in Act. Hort. Petrop., XII. 302 (1892) .Huth in Bull. Herb. Boiss., V. 1095 (1897)..Boissier in Bull. Herb. Boiss., VII. 601 (1899).Komarov, Fl. Mansh, 11. 226 (1903).. Ulbrich in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. Reg. Veg., Bcih. XII. 367 (1922).Komarov, Fl. URSS., VII. 27 (1937).F. C. Stern in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc., LXVIII. 128 (1943); Stud. Gen. Paeonia, 74 (1946).. Tsui, Synop. Econ. PI. N. China, 91,(1953).- Hu, Handb. Econ. Pi, I (-1). 346 (1955).
Paeonia Wittmanmana Finet et Gagnepain in Bull. Soc, Bot, Fr., LI, 525 (1904); Contrib, PL As. Or., I. 222 (1905)-Non Lindley. Paeonia obovata var. amurensis Schipczinsky in Not. Syst. Herb. Hort. Bot. Petrop. II. 44 (1921). Paeonia obovata var. australis Schipczinsky in Not. Syst. Herb. Hort. Bot. Petrop., II. 44 (1921). ? Paeonia obovata var. glabra Makino in Journ. Jap. Bot., V. 38 (1928)..Handel-Mazzetti in Act. Hort. Gothob., XIII. 37 (1939).
Kirin: An-tu Hsien (T. N. Liou, 3906).
Liaoning: Fu-yun Hsien (V. L. Chang, 196).
Hopei: Below Chi-boo-fun Ridge (W. T. Wang, 2531).
Shansi: without precise locality (T. Tang, 963).
Anhwei: Chiu-hwa-shan (Sun Yatsen Botanical Garden, Inst. Bot. Acad. Sin., Nanking, 6051).
Szechuan: Wu-shan Hsien (K. L. Chu, 1621); Nan-chuan Hsien (W. P. Fang, 1081).
This widely distributed Asiatic species is easily recognized by the obovate leaflets which are glaucous and sparsely villose or glabrescent on the lower surface. It is found growing at 1000 to 1500 metres in altitude.
9. Paeonia Willmottiae Stapf in Curtis' Bot. Mag., CXLII. t. 8667 (1916); in Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, LXV. 258, fig. 123 (1919); in Garden, LXXXIII. 256, fig. (1919), LXXXIV. 350, fig. (1920).- Hu, Handb. Econ. PI. I (1). 346 (1955).Paeonia obovata Maxim, var. Willmottiae (Stapf) F. C. Stern in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc., LXVIII. 128 (1943); Stud. Gen. Paeonia, 76 (1946)..Syn. Nov.
Shensi: Kwan-shan, Lung Hsien (T. P. Wang, 4227); Shang Hisien (T.P. Wang, 16283).
NW Szechuan: Hei-shui Hsien (H. Lee et C. S. Chow, 73835); Mao Hsien (formerly known as Mao Chow) (C. Ho, 13120 & 13549); Li Hsien (formerly known as Li-fan Hsien) (C. Ho, 14264; S. S. Chang, 1464):
This species was described by Stapf from garden plants raised from seeds collected along the borders of Hupeh and Szechuan. After careful study of the specimens recently collected from Shensi and northwestern Szechuan, its characteristics are so constant and important that it seems better to retain it as a distinct species. The dense villosity and pubescence on the under surface of leaves, white flowers and attenuate carpels serve to distinguish it from P. obovata Maxim.
This species is usually seen in thickets or by forests in moist situations at 1600 to 2400 metres in altitude.
Woroschilow (1966):
W.N. Woroschilow
Flora des Sowjetischen Fernen Ostens
Flora Sowjetskovo Dalnievo Wostoka, Moskwa 1966, Izdatelstvo „Nauka“
Übersetzung aus dem Russischen von Dr. C. Burkhardt
PAEONIACEAE — 2523. Paeonia L.
1. Blätter mit kleinen knorpeligen Zähnen an den Rändern. Blüten weiß oder rosa.
... P. lactiflora.
— Blätter ohne knorpelige Zähne an den Rändern
.... 2
2. Blüten hell-cremefarben, bis 10 cm im Durchmesser. Blätter dünn, unterseits mit wenigen Borsten, seitliche Blätter sitzend
... P. vernalis.
— Blüten tief-rosa. Blätter unterseits dicht behaart
... 3
3. Blüten geöffnet, bis 8 cm im Durchmesser. Blätter unterseits bläulich, terminales Blättchen breit (Länge weniger als 2-faches der Breite), seitliche Blättchen gestielt
.... P. japonica.
— Blüten nicht geöffnet, ca. 2,5 cm im Durchmesser . Blätter fest, unterseits sehr bläulich, terminales Blättchen verlängert-umgekehrt ei-förmig (Länge mehr als 2-faches der Breite), seitliche sitzend
... P. obovata.
P. japonica (Makino) Miyabe et Takeda in Gard. Chron., ser 3, XLIII, 3 (1928) 366.— P. obovata var. japonica Makino in Tokyo Bot. Mag., XVI (1902) 59. Primorje, Sachalin, Kurilen.
P. lactiflora Pall. Reise, III (1776) 286.— P. albiflora Pall. Fl. Ross., II (1788) 90. Primorje, Amur.
P. obovata Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 29. Primorje, Amur, Sachalin (?)
P. vernalis Mandl in Bot. Közlem., XIX (1921) 90. — P. oreogeton auct., non Moore. Primorje.
E.M.Jegorowa
Dikorastuschtschije dekoratiwnyje rastienija Sachalina i Kurilskich ostrowow
Moskwa 1977, Izd. "Nauka", p. 112-113
Wildwachsende Zierpflanzen von Sachalin und des Kurilen Archipels
Übersetzung aus dem Russischen von Prof. Eugeniusz Kosmicki, überarbeitet von Dr. Carsten Burkhardt
Paeoniaceae , Paeonia L.
Die Gattung Paeonia umfaßt mehr als 30 Arten, hauptsächlich in Asien. In der UdSSR wachsen 15 Arten. Besonders viele Arten sind in Kaukasus beheimatet, im Fernen Osten wachsen 3 Arten, auf Sachalin und den Kurilen gibt es eine Art, die einen geringeren Zierwert besitzt, als anderen beiden Arten aus dem Fernen Osten.
P.obovata Maxim.
Relativ große Pflanze mit leuchtend rosa, halbgeöffneten Blüten und effektiv grell farbigen Früchten. Zierwert - 74 (maximal 100). Das Verbreitugsgebiet dieser Art ist Ostasien - auf dem Kontinent und den Insel: In der UdSSR hauptsächlich auf Sachalin, aber auch auf Monerol, den Kurilen: Kunaschir, Schikotan; Ussurijskij-, Zeje-Bureinskij-, und Udskij Rayon), in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikokou), auf der Halbinsel Korea, und in China. Die Pflanze wächst in Birken-, Misch- und Nadelwäldern auf Waldlichtungen und Brandstätten. Mesophyt.
Staude 50 - 60 cm hoch. Blätter doppelt triternat, Blattsegmente eiförmig, ganzrandig. Die Blüten sind relativ klein, 5,5 - 6 cm im Durchmesser. Die Früchte sind bogenförmig zurückgebogen. Sehr schön sind die dunkelblauen glänzenden Früchte mit grell himbeerfarbigen Resten des Stempels. Die Blütezeit ist im Juni, die Samen sind im August reif.
Im SachKNII [Name eine Institutes](Juschno-Sachalinsk) wurde die Pflanze 1962 auf fruchtbarem Boden 70 cm hoch. Die Blütezeit war Anfang bis Mitte Juni. Die Samen waren im August reif. Im Primorje-Gebiet ist die Blütezeit schon Ende Mai (Skripka 1960). Die Vermehrung geschieht durch Teilung der Wurzeln (August) oder Aussaat vor Winter. Junge Pflanzen erscheinen nach zwei Wintern. Gut wächst sie auf den fruchtbaren Böden mit regelmässigen Niederschlägen. Im GBS (Zentr. Botanischer Garten, Moskau) wächst seit 1958 eine Pflanze, die aus Chabarowsk stammt, und erreicht auf fruchtbarem Boden eine Höhe von 70 - 80 cm, die Blütezeit ist dort Mai -Juni. Die Samen sind im August reif.
Der Auszug aus den trockenen Wurzeln wird bei Husten, Asthma und zur Fiebersenkung verwendet (Sugawara 1937). In den Exemplaren aus dem Primorje-Gebiet (Kraut) wurden auch Alkaloide gefunden +++ (Schröter 1972).
Als Zierpflanze findet sie zur Verwendung im Halbschatten und für offene Standorte. Es ist eine weisse Form bekannt (Dictionary of Gardening 1956). Die Pflanze wurde in den zahlreichen Büchern erwähnt (Parey 1932; Bailey). Bekannt in der Kultur seit 1859 Jahr (Poletiko, Mischenkowa 1967)
1986
Sokolov: Chemische Zusammensetzung und medizinische Anwendung
1987
Kapinos & Dubrov (1995)
P.obovata Maxim.
Native to mixed and deciduous forests in the South of the Primorski Region, China and Japan. Stems 60-90cm, one flower per stem. Flower diameter 10cm, shiny-rose or white.
Hong 2001:
Hong D Y, Pan K Y & Rao G Y, 2001: Cytogeography and taxonomy of the Paeonia obovata polyploid complex. Pl. Syst. Evol. 227(3/4): 123—136.
Plant Syst. Evol. 227: 123-136 (2001)
Plant Systematics and Evolution
© Springer-Verlag 2001 Printed in Austria
Cytogeography and taxonomy of the Paeonia obovata polyploid complex (Paeoniaceae)
D.-Y. Hong1, K.-Y. Pan1, and G.-Y. Rao2
(1) Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
(2) College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
Received October 30, 1998 Accepted June 21, 2000
Abstract. The taxonomy of the Paeonia obovata polyploid complex in E-Asia has been controversial with treatments ranging from one species and two varieties to five species and numerous infraspecific taxa. Extensive observations in the field, analysis of morphological characters based on 32 populations sampled, and the examination of a large amount of herbarium specimens show that all the characters used by previous authors for distinguishing the species are variable between or even within populations: Leaf position, petal colour, stamen number (from 21 to 110 in the red-flowered and from 58 to 239 in the white-flowered form), filament and anther colour, style length as well as follicle number and position. Therefore, all these characters are of no value for species delimitation. However, an extensive chromosome survey and the analysis of morphological characters show that the ploidy level is basically correlated with the geographical distribution and with the indumentum on the lower leaf surface. Thus, the recognition of one species with two subspecies is proposed: Paeonia obovata subsp. obovata, mostly diploid, widely distributed in the north, east and south of the distribution range and glabrous to sparsely pubescent or hirsute on the lower leaf surface, and subsp. willmottiae, tetraploid, limited to the west and with leaves densely hirsute or pubescent below.
Key words: Paeoniaceae, Paeonia obovata polyploid complex, morphological variation, cytogeog-raphy, taxonomic revision.
The Paeonia obovata polyploid complex is a group of herbaceous peonies, widely distributed in the forests of East Asia (Fig. 3). It is distinguished from other groups (except the P. coriacea group) by its ternate leaves with 9 entire leaflets, solitary and terminal flowers, and glabrous carpels. From the P. coriacea group it differs by its terminal leaflets being obovate or broadly obovate.
The first species of the complex described was P. obovata Maximowicz (1859) based on specimens from the Amur area with rose-purple petals. The second species, P. oreogeton S. Moore (1879) was based on specimens from "Kwandien" (Kuandien), Liaoning Province, China. Makino (1898) discovered a white-flowered form in Honsu, Japan, and described it as a variety of P. obovata, i.e. var. japonica, which was raised by Miyabe and Takeda (1910) to specific level, P. japonica. The fourth species, P. willmottiae Stapf (1916) was based on a plant in the garden of Miss Willmott, Warley Place, Essex, England, which was raised from seeds collected by E. H. Wilson from China. Finally. Mandl (1921) described the fifth species of the complex with white flowers, from the Far East of Russia (Nikolsk-Ussuria). Schipczinski (1937) recognised only four species from Russian territory: P. obovata, P. japonica. P. oreogeton, and P. vernalis. The first author revising the taxonomy of the complex was F. C. Stern (1943). He reduced P. willmottiae to a variety of P. obovata and suggested to merge P. oreogeton and P. vernalis with P. obovata (Stern 1946). He followed Miyabe and Takeda (1910) in distinguishing P. japonica as an independent species, and thus recognized three taxa, P. obovata var. typica Makino and var. willmottiae (Stapf) F. C. Stern, and P. japonica. Fang (1959) did not agree with Stern, still recognizing P. willmottiae as a separate species. Nearly all Japanese botanists (e.g. Ohwi I97S) recognized two species in Japan, each with two infraspecific taxa: P. obovata var. obovata and var. glabra Makino. and P. japonica var. japonica and var. pilosa Nakai. The second author of the present paper, Pan (1979), recognized only one species, P. obovata with var. willmottiae. but failed to mention P. japonica. Following Pan's treatment, nearly all Chinese authors (e.g. Wang 1987, Zhao 1990. Lin 1992) recognized only one species, P. obovata. However, Ding and Liu (1991) argued for the status of P. japonica as an independent species and listed additional differential characters, a treatment which was also accepted by Li (1995).
Previous chromosomal studies on the Paeonia obovata complex (Hong et al. 1988: Nishikawa 19K5; Okado and Tamura 1979; Sokolovskaya 1960, 1966) have indicated differentiation in ploidy (with diploids and tetraploids). In order to understand the geographical distribution of 2x and 4x, and possible correlations between ploidy and any morphological characters, we have conducted an extensiv karyological survey in China and Japan.
This present paper provides a taxonomical revision of the complex based on extensive field work, examination of a large amount of herbarium specimens, analyses of morphological characters, and up-to-date cytogeographical data.
Materials and methods
From 1985 to 1998 the first author and his assistents made a number of expeditions visiting numerous sites throughout China and several sites in Japan. .. populations in total were sampled during the expeditons (of which 25 are listed in Tab.1). Besides, we examined a great amount of herbarium specimens in the Herbaria of the Institute of Botany. Chinese Academy of Sciences (PE). Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IFP). the Northwest Normal University (NWTC), the Northwest Institut Botany in Shaanxi (WUK). the Hokkaido University (SAPS), and the Kyoto University (KYO). More than 20 populations were sampled for the karyological survey. Origins and vouchers are given in Table 1, all the latter are preserved in the Herbarium of Institute of Botany. Chinese Academy of Sciences (PE). Root tips were collected in the fields, prelrealed in an aqueous solution of 0.05% colchicine or saturated p-diehlombenzol for 3-5 hrs and then fixed in Carnoy's I fixative. For Zhu et al. PB86020 (Jinfushan of Chong..) flower buds were directly fixed in the field by Carnoy II fixative for meiotic observation. Chen Z. D. s.n. was collected and transplanted to Beijing in 1996. and its root tips were obtained in the greenhouse. Chromosome preparations followed Hong ct al. (1988).
Results and discussion
Leaf orientation. This was considered by Ding and Liu (1991) as an important character for distinguishing P. japonica (spreading) from P. obovata (ascending). According to our field observations, however, this character is unstable even within a population. In the populations Hong et al. H98026, H98006, H98007, for example, both ascending spreading leaves were found. Figure 1f ...nitely shows spreading instead of ascending leaves in a red-flowered population (Hong el al. H98026).
Table 1. Variation of leaf indumentum, floral parts, and chromosome numbers in 25 populations of the Paeonia ohovata complex. Leaf indumentum is expressed in grades, number of individuals are in parentheses (see text)
Leaf indumentum. This character was used by Japanese botanists for recognizing infraspecific taxa both in Paeonia obovata (var. typica and var. glabra) and P. japonica (var. japonica and var. pilosa). We examined hundreds of specimens, both in the field and herbaria, and found that leaf indumentum on the lower surface was an extremely variable character, from entirely glabrous to densely hirsute or pubescent. For roughly quantifying this character and thus revealing the pattern of variation in the whole complex we used a more or less arbitrary system of six grades to measure the density of leaf indumentum with 0 indicating entirely glabrous, 1 very sparsely hirsute or pubescent with some hairs only along major veins, while 5 the most densely hirsute or pubescent (nearly entirely covered with hairs), and 2, 3 and 4 indicating intermediate states. Our observations are shown in Table 1. Among 20 sampled populations (with Hong et al. H98002 and H98025 excluded), only three (Hong et al. H98010, Hong D.Y. PB90010 and PB90011) were purely glabrous; in ten populations all individuals sampled were hairy, and within each of the rest seven populations both hairy and glabrous individuals were found. Two populations (Zhu X. Y. el al. PB86020 and Qiu J. Z. PB88501) are worth mentioning because they exhibit a great range of variation in leaf indumentum, from entirely glabrous to densely hairy (grade 4). From that it is rather clear that the recognition of Paeonia obovata var. glabra and P. japonica var. pilosa based on leaf indumentum is unreasonable. In addition, we examined hundreds of herbarium specimens from China, Japan and the Korea Peninsula and projected their indumentum states onto the distribution map of the complex (Fig. 3). It can be seen that leaf indumentum is correlated to some extent with the geographical distribution and ploidy. The plants of this complex in W. Hubei, NW. Sichuan. N. Chongqing, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and W. Henan are all tetraploid and nearly always densely hirsute or pubescent except those in Shanxi, which were variable from mostly hairy (e.g. Hong et al. H98009) to mostly glabrous or sparsely hairy (e.g. Hong et al. H98010).
Fig. 1. Morphological variation in the Paenia obovata complex:
a Hong et al. H98026 (Mt. Changbai. China) with spreading (instead of ascending) leaves in a red-flowered form:
b Hong et al. H98006 (Lushi Co. Henan China) with petals white but pink at periphery, filaments purple at base but white above, and orange-red anthers;
c Hong D. Y. P1190011 (Uwa-dio Ehime, Japan) with pink petals;
d Hong et al. H98007 (Lushi Co. Henan, China) with purple-red petals, totally white filaments and yellow anthers; e Hong and Zhu PB85024 (Wolong Nature Reserve. Sichuan, China) with totally white and widely spreading petals; f Hong el al. H9H026 (Mt. Changbai. Antu Co, Jilin) with red petals, purple filaments, and yellow ovaries
Sepals. They exhibit the least variation, are nearly always 3, very occasionally 2 or 4 in number and mostly rounded at the top. Only one of the sepals sometimes is caudate in some individuals of some populations (e.g. Hong et al. H98026).
Petals: colour, posture and number. The most important character used for distinguishing P. japonica from P. obovata is the colour of petals, rose-purple in P. obovata and white in P. japonica. Our extensive observations revealed that the colour pattern in this complex is not so simple, but actually varies from purely white (Hong and Zhu PB85024), white with pinkish shade at the base or periphery (Hong et al. H98006, in W. Henan), rose (Hong D. Y. PB90011), pink-red (Hong ct al. H9S033), red (Hong et al. H98010), purple-red (Hong et al. H98007) to purple-red with two white stripes on the back (Hong et al. H98006)(Fig. 1b-e).
The orientation of petals was said by Ding and Liu (1991) to be a valuable character for distinguishing white-flowered P. japonica (ascending) from red-flowered P. obovata (spreading). However, the two orientations could be found in each species. For example, spreading petals were found in a population with white flowers (Hong and Zhu 85024) (Fig. 1e).
Petals are usually 5 or 6, but flowers with 4 (Hong et al. H98019) or 7 petals (Hong et al. H98006) occasionally occur. Even within a population, for example in Hong el al. H98019, the number of petals varied from 4 to 6.
Stamens: number and colour. The number of stamens was used by Ding and Liu (1991) as an important character in distinguishing P. japonica (100-280) from P. obovata (14-75). Our extensive observations did not confirm this. As shown in Table 1, the number of stamens varied from (58) 70 to 230 in the white-flowered form (P.japonica), and from 21 to 110 in the red-flowered form (P. obovata). Although there is some difference in number of stamens between the two colour forms, the two ranges overlap much. Therefore, as number of stamens varies continuously in the complex, this is not a diagnostic character for distinguishing the two colour forms as separate species.
The colour of filaments was found to vary greatly in the complex from white, yellow-green, purple below and white above to entirely purple (Fig. 1d. f). The two colour types of filaments (white and purple) were found even within a single population (Hong et al. H98007). Anthers were yellow in the red-flowered populations, but yellow, orange-red or dark purple in the white-flowered populations (Fig. 1). Within the population Hong et al. H98006 both purple and orange-red anthers were found.Thus it is obvious that the colour of filaments and anthers are of no taxonomic value for separating P.japonica and P. obovata.
Carpels and follicles. The number of carpels was found to vary from 1 to 5, usually 2 or 3 in both the white-flowered and red-flowered forms (Table 1). Flowers with a single carpel were found in Hong et al. H98023 (Kuandian, Liaoning) and Hong et al. H98015 (Qianshan, Liaoning), while those with 5 carpels were found in Hong et al. H98004 (Xixia County, Hcnan) and Hong el al. H98009 (Yimnqu County, Shanxi). The number of carpels varies even within a population, for example, from 1 to 3 in Hong et al. H98001 and Hong el al. H98007. from 3 to 5 in Hong et al. H98009 and from 2 to 4 in Zhu et al. PB 86020.
According to Ding and Liu (1991), the orientation of mature follicles can be used for distinguishing P. obovata (strongly recurved) and P. japonica (slightly recurved). However, follicles recurve gradually during ripening and the two states can be found in both P. obovata and P. japonica. For example, Tang. T. 963 (red-flowered) and Wang, W. T. 2531 (red-flowered) had mature follicles also strongly reversed with the top attaching the stem as stated by Ding and Liu (1991) for the white-flowered form.
Style and stigma. We discovered that styles change their length with the development of the carpels. In bud stage styles are hardly visible; they become apparent when the flower opens and elongate with time. In open flowers style length varies from 1.0 to 5.0 mm long in the white-flowered form, and from 0.5 to 3.0 mm long in the red-flowered (Table 1). The longest style (5 mm) was discovered in a population (Xic. Z. W. H98035) with petals white but pink below (Table 1). Therefore, differences in length of styles between the two forms are hardly significant.
Fig. 2. Chromosomes of the Paeonia obovata Maxim, complex, all at mitotic metaphase except for B, which is at meiotic anaphase II.
A Hong et al. PR8507H (red flowers), 2n= 10;
B Zhu X. V. et al. PR86020 (white flowers), n = 5;
C Hong et al. H9803I (white flowers?), 2n=10;
D Hong and Zhu PB85062 (red flowers), 2n = 20;
F. Hong and Zhu PB85067 (white flowers), 2n = 20;
F Hong and Zhu PR85024 (white flowers), 2n = 20;
G Hong el al. H98014 (red flowers), 2n = 20.
All X 1250. only D X 1600
Chromosomes. The results of our karyological survey are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 2. It is clear that ploidy level is not correlated with the flower colour: diploids and tetraploids occur in both the white-flowered (P. japonica) and the red-flowered form (P. obovata). Therefore, the chromosome data do not support the recognition of P. japonica as an independent taxon. However, ploidy level is shown to be correlated with the geographical distribution. Nearly all the populations sampled are tetraploids in the western part of distribution area of the complex: Shanxi, Shaanxi. NW. Sichuan. N. Chongqing, W. Ik-nan and W. Hubei (Table 1; Fig. 3). But there are two exceptions: In Lushi County, W. Henan, there is a mixed population (Honget al. H98006 and H98007: Ding 1988), in which both red-flowered and white-flowered forms were found to grow together, and both 2n= 10 and 2n = 20 were counted (Table 1). In the Far East of Russia, precisely in Sakhalin and the lower reaches of the Amur River, and in NE China, both diploids and tetraploids were recorded (Sokolovskaya 1966, 1960; Table 1).
Fig. 3. Distribution map of the Paeonia obovata complex with ploidy levels and the density of indumentum. White triangles = diploids; black triangles = tetraploids; the columns indicate line relative density of the lower leaf side indumentum: totally white = glabrous; totally black = most densely hirsute (see text for details). The chromosomal data are from Table 1 and in addition from Ding 1988; Ding and Liu 1991; Haga and Ogata 1956; Hong et al. 1988; Lee 1967; Nakamura and Nomoto 1981: Nakata and Hong 1991; Nishikawa 1985; Okado and Taimira 1979; Sokolovskaya I960. 1966; Starodubtsev 1985; Uspenskaya 1987; Yang and Zhu 1989
Furthermore, to a certain extent there is correlation between ploidy level and indumentum on the lower surface of leaves (Fig. 3). In the diploid area (Japan, the Korea Peninsula, the Far East of Russia and the north, east and south parts of distribution range in China), the plants are glabrous to sparsely hairy, with the densest hairiness reaching the third or, very occasionally, the fourth grade, e.g. in the population Zhu, X. Y. et al. PB86020 in Mt. Jinfu-shan, S. Chongqing, but there glabrous to very sparsely hairy individuals could also be found. On the contrary, in the distribution range of the tetraploids nearly all the populations sampled are densely hirsute or pubescent, except those in C. and NE. Shanxi of China and the Far East of Russia. In C. and NE. Shanxi, precisely on Mt. Kuandi of Jiaocheng County, Mt. Huoshan of Huoshan County, and Mt. Wutai, most individuals observed were glabrous or sparsely pubescent, though they were tetraploid.
Conclusions and taxonomical treatment
It is clear from what we have described above that the characters used by previous authors for distinguishing species or infraspecific taxa are not useful as diagnostic characters except the indumentum on the lower leaf surface. Because this character was frequently found to vary greatly from totally glabrous to moderately hairy, even within a population, it is not reasonable to base varieties on it. However, indumentum is correlated generally with the geographical distribution and ploidy level. Therefore, it is justified to recognize only one species in the complex, P. obovata, with two subspecies: the typical subspecies for the populations in the northern, eastern and southern parts of the distribution range, which are diploid (very occasionally tetraploid in the Far East of Russia and in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin, China) and mostly glabrous to moderately pubescent or hirsute, and the subspecies willmottiae for the populations in the western part of the distribution range, which are tetraploid (diploid and tetraploid only in one mixed population in Lushi County, W. Henan Province), and mostly densely (less frequently moderately) hirsute or pubescent. It is likely that reticulate evolution and polyphyletic origins of polyploids as documented for the whole genus (Sang et al. 1995, 1997) also play a role within the P. obovata complex.
Paeonia obovata Maximowicz, Prim. Fl, Amur. 29 (1859)
Type: Amur, Kitsi; Maximowicz (holotype, LE; isotype, K!)
The species comprises two geographically allopatric subspecies which are keyed out below:
Leaves mostly glabrous or sparsely, occasionally densly pubescent or hirsute at lower surface, diploid (tetraploids rare in the Far East of Russia and on Mt. Changbai, NE. China)
............. subsp. obovata
Usually densely, very occasionally sparsely, hirsute or pubescent on lower surface; tetraploid (the only diploid found in a mixed population in Lushi Co, W. Henan)
.................. subsp. willmottiae
Subsp. obovata
P. oreogeton S. Moore in J. Linn. Soc. Lon don, 17:376. (1879); type: China, Liaoning Kwandien (Kuandian) s. coll. (holotype, K! = P. obovata Maxim, f. oreogeton (S. Moore Kitagawa in Lneam. Fl. Mansh. 221(1939)
P. obovata var. typica Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12:301 (1898); J. Jap. Bot. 5(9): 33. 1928
P. obovata Maxim, var. japonica Makino in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12:302. (1898); type: Miyabe et Takeda's fig. 153, cited (!) = P. japonica (Makino) Miyabe et Takeda in Gard. Chron. Ser.3, 48:366. Fig. 153(1910).
P.vernalis Mandl in Bot. Kozl., 19:90. (1921); type: Russia, the Far East, Nikolsk-Ussurisk (holotype, LE).
P. obovala var. amurensis Schipczinsky, Not. Syst. Herb. Hort. Bot. Pctrop. 2: 44. (1921); type: not designated.
P. obovata var. australis Schipczinsky, Not. Syst. Herb. Hort. Bot- Petrop. 2: 44. (1921): type: not designated.
P. obovata var. glabra Makino in J. Jap. Bot. 5(9):33. (1928). type: Japan (not designated).
P. obovam var. alba Saunders, Nat. Hort. Mag. 13, tab., 227. (1934); type: Saunders' figure cited.
Paeonia japonica var. pilosa Nakai in J. Jap. Bot. 12: 394-395(1937); type: Korea, Heinan. ML Rorinsan (holotype. Til),
This subspecies grows in deciduous broad-leaved, mixed broad-leaved and needle-leaved or conifers forests at altitudes from ca. 200 to 2000 m. It is distributed in Japan, the Korea Peninsula, the Far East of Russia and NE., N. and E. China, in addition to a small area in SW. China.
Representative specimens examined:
CHINA: Anhui: Huangshan: E of Tungwopong, Tsoong, P. C. 4090 (PE); Jiuhuashan: Sliangmingyuan, Hong, D. Y. & Chen, T., PBH<i()()3(PE); Yuexi: Yaoluoping, Xic, Z. W. H98035 (PE, A, CAS. K, MO, US): Beijing: Baihuashan: Wang. C. W. 60273(PE): Miyun: W slope of Wulingshan. Hong, D. Y. & Rao. G. Y. H98033 (PE, A, CAS, MO, US); Chongqing: Nanchuan: Jinfushan, Tiechangping. Liu. Z. Y. H98038(PE, A. CAS. K, MO. US); Cuizhou: Zunyi City: Xianrenshan, Qianbei Exp. 0115 (PE); Hebei: Chengde: Wenchanggou. Liu, X. Y. 1665(PF): Chicheng: Dahaituoshan. Hong. D. Y.. Clicn. Y. & Song, S. Y. PBH507K(PE); Donglmgshan: Shidaozihc, Dongling Exp. 269(PE); Fuping: Long-quankuan, Liaodaobai, Fuping Exp. 3(PE); Huailai: Tangying Temple Hot Spring, s. coll. 2117(PE); Laishui: Siqu, Yang, C. G. 8B8(PE); Neiqiu: Duanmutao. Liu. X. Y. 433 (PE): Ping-shan: Muehang, Tongdonggou, s. coll. 466(PE); Qianxi: Xishuiling. Qianxi Exp. 205(PE); Qinlong: Wudaoling, Qinlong Exp. 972(PE); Weichang: HuangUik, Toudaochuan, Huang 489(PE); Xiaowulai: Beitai, Licent, P. 2622(PE): Xinglong: Wuling Shan, Lianhuachi, Lion, T. N. 4740 (IFP); Yixian; Kuanzuoling. Lion. K. M. 2004(PE); Yuxian: Nanliangqing: Zhangjiakou Exp. ll(PF); Zanhuang: Loudi, Zliangshiyan, Shijiazuo Exp. 53 l(PE);Zrmliiia: Eastern Tombs, Liou.T.N. 1411 (PE): Heilongjiang: Dailing: Lianshuijian, Sino-Germ. Exp. 7476(PE); Hailin: Hengdaohezi, Hou X. Y. 11759(PE); Hulin: Huloajian, WANG, G. Z. 40H(PE; 1EP): Mudanjiang: Provincial Wild Plant Exp. Mudanjiang Team 0621(1'E); Ning'An: Jiangbhuijiao Forest Farm, Daqinggou s. col!, s.n. (IFP); Shangzi: Weihe Distr. Datutouzi, s. coll. s. n. (IFF); Upper Ussuri: Maximowicz. her sec. anno 1860 (PE, K); Yichun: near Wuying, Sino-Gcrm. Exp. 7903(PE); Henan: Shangcheng: Jinganlai. Qiu, J. Z. PB8850I(PEJ; Hunan: Sang/hi: Shadiping, Baheshc. Liu. L. IF 9344(PF); jiangxi: Lushan: Huanglong'en. Wang, M. J, 285(PE); Jilin: Antu: Changbai Shan. 1500m. Hong, D. Y., Pan. K. Y., Rao. G. Y. & Cao W. H98026(PE, A, CAS, K, MO, US): Fusong: Changbai Shan, Hong. D. Y. PB86071(PE|; Helong: near Guangping, Yanbicn Second Team. 570 (PE); Hunchun: Changbai Shan lo Erdao Water Power Station. Fang. Z. F. 3564(IFP]; Ji'an: Renao Forest Farm, Fang, Z. F. 2285(1FP]; Jingyu: no precise locality, Sato, J. 10005(PE); Linjiang: Sanchazi Longwan, No. 2 to No.l. Liou, T. N. 1077(PE, IFP): Liuhe: Yousong, Liao'angou, Sandaolian. Deng. Y. C. 798(1FP); IJaoning: Anshan: Qianshan, Miaotai, Fifth Group Village, Hong, D. Y., Pan, K. Y., Rao. G. Y. & Cao, W. H98015(PE. A, CAS, K, MO, US); Benxi: 10 km W of Lianshaguan Fort, Hong, D. Y., Pan. K. Y., Rao, G. Y. & Cao, W. H980I9(PE. A, CAS. K, MO. US); Dalian: Laolicshan, Lu, Y. C. 3372(IFP); Fcngchong: Yuanyang, Zhang, Y. L. 2513(IFP); Huanren: Mumengzi Township, Cui, S. C. etal. 270 (IFP); Kuandian: Baishilazi Nature Reserve, Hong. D. Y.. Pan. K. Y.. Rao, G. Y. & Cao, W. H98023(PE, A. CAS. K. MO, US); Lingyuan: Dabiengou, the mountain in front of Linjia Dayuan Wang, W. 690(IFP) Qingyuan: Xiaojiabaozi Township, Xinhlun, Hong, D. Y,, Pan, K. Y., Rao, G. Y. & Cao. W. H98031(PE. A, CAS, K, MO. US); Xifcng: Helong, Jiuru, Lin, Y. Y. 7(IFP); Xinbing: Laogangshan, General Exp. 210 & 223 (IFP); Xiuyan: Tangchi, Wang, W. el al. 152I(IFP); Yingkou: Jianyi Township, Luwang-zipu, Yingkou General Exp. 16M (IFP); Zhuanghe: Buyunshan. Dayang-gou, Li, S. X. 151 (IFP); iNei Mongol: Ningchcng: Dayingzi, Bagudao, Erdaogou, Li, S. X. 4710 (IFP): Sichuan: Ending: Erlongshan, Daba, HouShan, Hu. W. G,37902(PE, SZ); Yuexi: Dongshan, Dashuigou, Zhu, X. Y. & Song, S. Y. PB86024 (PE); Zhejiang: Anji: Longwang Shan, Chen, L. 086 (ZJFC); Tianmu Shan: Sanmuping, Xiwan, Hong, D. Y., Pan, K. Y. & Lou, L. H. H98001(PE,A,CAS,K,MO,US).
JAPAN: Aichi: Toei-cho, Torii, K. s.n. (KYO); Aomori: Higashitsugaru-gun, Imbetsu-cho, Ooka-wadai, Mimoro, K. et al. 3901 (KYO); Ehime: Uma-gun, Doichou-cho, Mt. Akaboshi, Hong, D. Y. PB90010(PE); To-Uwa-gun, Uwa-cho, Hong, D. Y. PB90011(PE); Fukui: Nyu-gun, Echizen-cho, Rokuroshi, Kurosaki, N. 10731 (KYO); Fukushi-ma: Nishishiragawa-gun, Nishisato-mura, Suzuki, Z., s.n. (KYO); Gifu: Ibi-gun, Kasuga-mura, from Sasamata to Mt. Ibuki, Takaheshi, H. & Takano, H. 7313(KYO); Gumma: Agatsuma-gun, Tsuma-goi-mura, Nidoage, Yahara, T. et al. 7033 (KYO); Hiroshima: Saiki-gun, Mizuda-mura, Kato, M., s.n. (KYO); Hokkaido: Sapporo, Hong, D. Y. s. n. (PE); Kuriler Islands, hikotan Ohwi, J. 250 (KYO); Hyogo: Yabu-gun, Yoka-cho, Tsubairo, Kurosaki, N. 15145 (KYO); Iwate: Shimohei-gun, Akka-mura, Takasuka, Shimizu, T. 01937(KYO); Kaga-wa: Kagawa-gun, Shioe-mura, Mt. Ohtaki, Hiroe, M. 15608(KYO); Kanagawa: Hakone, Nagaotoge, Togasi, M. 1288(KYO); Kochi: Tosa, Tomioka-mura, Otakijinjya to Mt. Tsutsujosan, Murata G. & Shimizu, T. 817(KYO); Kumamoto: Yatsushiro-gun, Tzumi-mura, from Kureko to Mt. Iwaudo-yama, Hotta, M. 12062(KYO); Kyoto: Funai-gun, Yamamoto, H. 533(KYO); Mie: Ichisi-gun, Misag-i-mura, Murata, G. & Fukuoka, N. 194(KYO); Miyagi: Oshika-gun, Kinkasan-to, Naito, T. s.n. (KYO); Miyazaki: Higashiusuki-gun, Shiba-mura. Mt. Shiraiwa, Hotta, M. 6438(KYO); Nagano: Shimoina-gun, Oojika-mura, Tsubame-iwa, Shimizu, T. 5815(KYO); Nara: Yoshino-gun, Mts. Oomine, from Kawai to Gyojagaeri, Hotta, M. et al. 27(KYO); Niigata: Sado (island), between Mt. Donden & Mt. Kongo, Okamoto, M. 2438(KYO); Oita: N. Oita, Yufudake, Tashiro, Z. s.n. (KYO); Okayama: Honkayabe, Kawakami-mura, Mt. Maru-yama and Asanabewashiga-sen, Fujii, S. 164 (KYO); Saga: Tachodake, N of Saga city, Tashiro, Z. s.n. (KYO); Shiga: Along the north ridge of Mt. Ibuki-yama, Fukuoka, N. 8061(KYO); Shimane: Tsuwanomachi, Ohwi, J. s.n. (KYO); Shizuoka: Shizuoka, from Magosajima to Ikawa pass, Miki, E. 213(KYO); Tokushima: Miuma-gun, Ichiu-mura, from Kumadaira to myotoike, Hotta, M. 10805(KYO); Yamaguchi:
Koguchi, Yuansongci, s.n. (KYO); Yamanashi: Fujiyoshida City, Araya, Konta, F. 11786 (KYO).
KOREA PENINSULA: North Korea: Chongyang, Mills, R. G. s.n. (PE); Chongsong, Koidzumi, G. s.n. (KYO); Bor.-orient, Ohwi, J. 2709(b) (KYO); Musa, Ohwi, J. 1043 (a) (KYO); Changjin, Nom-ura, N. s.n. (KYO); near Hamhung, Ohwi, J. s.n. (KYO); South Korea: Sanchong, Igarashi, F. 23(?)(KYO).
RUSSIA: Sakhalin: E. coast, Mt. Nupuripo, Mou-ale, T. s. n. (SAPS); W. coast, Notasan (Mauka), Miyake, T. s. n. (SAPS); Mt. Kasipo, S. Sakhalin, Takee, G., Abumiya, H. & Hoshiro, Y. s.n. (SAPS).
Paeonia obovata Maxim, subsp. willmottiae (Stapf) D. Y. Hong et K. Y. Pan, stat. nov.
P. willmottiae Stapf in Curtis' Bot. Mag. 142: tab. 8667(1916); type: "Miss. Willmott May 22, 1915" (holotype K!)
P. obovata Maxim, var. willmottiae (Stapf) F. C. Stern in J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 68: 128 (1943) et Stud. Gen. Paeonia, 76(1946).
This subspecies is characterized by tetra-ploidy and leaves mostly densely or very densely hirsute or pubescent. It is confined to the mountain area around the Qinling Range and grows in deciduous forests at altitudes of 800-2800 m.
Representative specimens examined: CHINA: Chongqing: Chengkou: Nanxi, Gaopo, Dai, T. L. 101441 (PE, SZ); Wushan: Chaoyangping, Yang, G. H. 57903(PE); Wuxi: Hongchiba, Liu, Z. Y. H98039 (PE,A,CAS,K,MO,US); Gansu: Kangxian: Jia'an, Qinhe Forest Farm, 1450 m, He, Y. Q. & Tang, C. L. 315(WUK); Chengxian:Zhaoba Forest Farm, 1450 m, Lian Y. S. & Wang J. Q. 791244 (NWTC); Tewo: Nanshan, 2500 m, Gansu Provincial Medical Herb Group s.n. (NWTC); Tianshui: Beiyinshan, Zhang 59 (NWTC); Zhugqu: Jiao'er-qiao, 2000m, Wei, Z. P. 2566(WUK); Henan: Lushi: Shiziping, Dakuaidi (Qihe Forest Farm), Hong, D. Y., Wang, S. Y., Pan, K. Y. & Rao, G. Y. H98006 (PE, A, CAS, K, MO, US); Songxian: Yangshan, Yangjiaohao, Hong, D. Y, & Ye, Y. Z. H94004(PE); Xixia: Erlangping Township, Wan-tancun, Waitoushan, Hong, D. Y., Wang, S. Y., Pan, K. Y. & Rao, G. Y. H98004 (PE, A, CAS, K,MO, US); Yiyang: Longmao, Kuan, L. C. & Dai, T. L. 2418(PE); Hubei: Badong: Luoping, Chen, Q. L. et al. 1920(PE); Baokang: Dashui Forest Farm, Hong, D. Y., Ye, Y. Z. & Feng, Y. X. H97050 (PE, MO); Hefeng: Zourria Township, Guchengping, Peng, P. S. H93 (PE); Lichuan: Ye, Y. C. 248(PE) & 511 (PE); Shennongjia (Songbai): Shantunyan, Qiu, J. Z. PB88022(PE); Xingshan: Longmenhe, Chen, W. L. H98040 (PE, A,K,MO,US); Ningxia: Jingyuan: Ningxia Medical Herb Group 2-118 (WUK); Qinghai: Xunhua: Mengda Forest Farm, 2300m, Guo B. C. & Wang, W. Y. 25194 (HNWP); Shaanxi: Danfeng: Yaozhuang, Qipan-mo, He, S. B. 216 (WUK); Fengxian: Huangniupu, Donggou, 1650m, Zhang Z. Y. 090(WUK); Fuping: Damahe, Fuziling, Kuo, P. C. 1493(PE); Huanglong: Yaoxian, 1400 m, Yang J. X. & Huang S. L. 6120 (WUK); Huashan: Liou, T. N. 10887(PE); Langao: Bijiashan, 2070 m, Wei, Z. P. & Luo S. H. 0291 (WUK); Lantian: Qinggangping, 1600 m, Su, G. X. 131 (WUK); Longxian: Kuan-shan (Kwanshan), Wang, T. P. 4227(PE); Nanzh-eng: Xiaoba, 1250m, Hou, X.X. 478(WUK); Shangxian: Qinwangshan, Shegou, Wang, T. P. 16287(PE); Taibai Shan: Shangbaiyun, Hong, D. Y. & Zhu, X. Y. PB85067(PE); Shanxi: Huoxian: Mt. Huoshan, above Yanjiapin, near Forest Farm, Hong, D. Y., Pan, K. Y. & Rao, G. Y. H98010 (PE,A,K,MO,US); Jiaocheng: Kuandi Shan, Hengjian, Tashangcun, Liu, X. Y. 21363(PE); Jishan: Xishe, Qiu, J. Z. PB88501 (PE); Ningwu: Dongzhai, Majiazhuang, Yuanwading, Shanxi Exp. 265(PE); Qinxian: Yushuiquan, Shigaoshan, Kuan, K. C. & Chen, Y. L. 983(PE); Wutai Shan: Taihuei Town, Zhenhaisi Temple, Hong, D. Y., Pan, K. Y. & Rao, G. Y. H98013(PE,A,CAS,K,MO,US); Yangcheng: Zhangui, Bao, S. Y. 2148(PE); Yich-eng: Dahe, Beishenyu, Huanghe Exp. 202(PE); Yuanqu: Lishan, Houwentangcun to Shunwang-ping, Hong, D. Y., Pan, K. Y. & Rao, G. Y. H98009 (PE, A, CAS, K, MO, US); Sichuan: Heishui: Duifengshan, Li, X. & Zhou, J. X. 73835 (PE, SZ); Maoxian: Maoxian to Lixian, He, Z. & Zhou, Z. L. 13120(PE, SZ); Wenchuan: Wolong Nature Reserve, Hong, D. Y. & Zhu, X. Y. PB85024 (PE).
We are grateful to the National Geographic Society (Grant 6179-98) for support of the field work. Sincere gratitude is due to Dr. Qiu Jun-zhuan, Dr. Chen Zhi-duan, Dr. Zhu Xiang-yun, Prof. Chen Wei-lie, Prof. Wang Shui-yi, Dr. Wang Ying-zhen, Dr. Feng Yu-xing, Mr. Cao Wei, and
particularly to Dr. M. Nakata at the Toyama Botanical Garden, Japan, for their assistance in the field work. We should also thank Dr. Ding Kai-yu for his help in is making chromosome preparations, Mr. Yang Xue-jian for his assistance in the preparation of photographs, and Miss Li Qiao-ling for typing the manuscript.
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Addresses of the authors: Hong De-yuan and Pan Kai-yu, Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China. Rao Guang-yuan, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Dick Westland, 2004:
fruits in blooming time/ Fruchtstände zur Blütezeit
ripe fruits/reife Früchte
Paeonia obovata from: Halda, J. J.: Notes on the observations upon the structure of the Paeonia seeds, fruit and roots. Acta Mus. Richnov. 5(1):1-10 (1998). ISBN 80-86076-08-3.
obovata/ Christian
obovata Alba/Monthofer
