Table 1. Petal color, petal pigment and origin of 21 herbaceous peony genotypes used for this study.^Z

Cultivar or species	Petal color	Petal anthocyanidins or chalcone^y	Origin
Japanese cvs. of P. lactiflora
1 Haru-no-yosoi	Pink	Pn	Created by K. Hagiya in Niigata Pref.
2 Taki-no-yosoi	Pink	Pn	Created by H. Takizawa in Niigata Pref. Plant patent granted in 1970.
3 Kashoku-no-ten	Red	Pn/Cy/Pr	Created by K. Hagiya in Niigata Pref. Plant patent granted in 1970.
4 Hyoten	White	-	Created by K. Hagiya in Niigata Pref.
5 Satsuki	Strong pink	Pn/Cy	Created before 1968.
6 Kakouden	White	-	Created by Kakouen-nursery before 1954 in Niigata Pref.
Chinese cvs. of P. lactiflora
7 Yang qui fei	Yellow	chalcone	Created in China
8 Zi feng chao yang	Purple	Pn/Cy	ibid.
9 Da hong bao	Reddish purple	Pn/Cy	ibid.
10 Zi fu rong	Purple	Pn/Cy	ibid.
Western cvs. of P.lactiflora
11 LaTendresse	White	-	Created by F. Crousse in France in 1896.
12 Sarah Bernhardt	Pink	Pn	Created by E. Lemoine in France in 1906.
13 Karl Rosenfield	Red	Pn/Cy/Pr	Created by J. F. Rosenfield in USA in 1908.
14 Festiva Maxima	White	-	Created by A. Miellez in France in 1851.
15 species P. lactiflora	Pink	Pn	Grown from China to Siberia.
16 species Manchurian peony	Pale yellow	Chalcone	Grown in North East China.
Cvs. of P. officinalis
17 Rosea Plena	Pink	Pn	Created before 19 th century.
18 Rubra Plena	Red	Pn/Cy/Pr	ibid.
19 Alba Plena	White	—	ibid.
Cv. of P. peregrina
20 Sunshine	Orange red	Not examined	Created in 20 th century.
21 Species P. tenuifolia	Deep red	Pn/Cy.	Grown from South East Europa to Caucasus

^zReferred to Bailey (1976), Hashida (1990), Hosoki and Seo (1991). Miyazawa et al. (1968). Somei (1984),Wister and Wolfe (1962), and unpublished data.

^yPn : peonidin, Cy : cyanidin. Pr : pelargonidin.